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IN 



SALEM, MASS., 



634, 



-A-^- 




SALEM : 

PUBLISHED BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE 
1871. 



^ 



INTRODUCTION. 






i 







|HE increasino: interest in the frame of the 
I First Building erected for the First Chnrch 
in Salem in 1634, now the property of the 
Essex Institnte, and placed in the rear of 
the Society's rooms, Plnmmer Hall, Salem, author- 
ize the printing, in a separate form from the publica- 
tions of the Institute, of the Reports of a Committee 
appointed in 1859 to investigate the authenticity of 
the traditions in relation thereto. 

This building was first placed upon the site of the 
present First Church, on the south-eastern corner of 
Essex and Washington streets, a spot consecrated 
to this sacred use from the earliest period. On the 
erection of the second edifice it was removed, and 
during the past century or century and a half, had 



been located for many years on the Proctors' estate, 
rear of Boston street, where it was used first as 
a dwelling or an inn, and afterwards as a barn 
or a place for the storage of tools and rubbish. 
Through the liberality, and under the direct super- 
vision, of the late Col. Francis Peabody* of Salem, 
when the building was taken down in 18G4, the 
frame Avas carefully preserved, restored to its orig- 
inal mortices and placed within a good external 
covering. It is accessible to visitors on application 
to the Assistant Librarian of the Institute. 

In 1865, Tablets were placed on the western face 
of the building, now standing on the original site, 
by the energy and enterprise of the late George A. 
Ward, Esq., who was an enthusiast in all that 
relates to the early histor3^ of Salem. These tab- 
lets contain the following inscriptions : 

"On the 20th of July, 1629, a day set apart by 

order of t t:^ 

John Endicott, 

then Governor of Massachusetts Bay, the first settlers 

* jVIr. Peabody, at the time of his decease. October 31, 1867, and 
for several years previous, was President of the Institute. 



met for the purpose of establishing a Church, which 
was fully organized the 6tli of August ; 

Samuel Skelton 

w'as elected Pastor, and 

Francis Higginson, 

Teacher. 

Their immediate successors were Roger Williams, 

1631, and Hugh Peters, in 1636. 

"The frame of the First "Meeting House," in 
W'hich the civil affairs of the colon}^ were also trans- 
acted is preserved, and now stands in the rear of 
Pluinmer Hall. It was enlarged in 1639. The sec- 
ond Meeting House was built in 1670, the third in 
1718, the fourth in 1826,— all on this spot." 



" The Provincial House of Assembl}', convened in 
the Court House, which stood on the contiguous 
lot now included in Washington street. Resolved on 
the 17th of June, 1774, that a congress of the 
' several colonies on this continent is highly ex- 
pedient and necessary,* and elected delegates to 
said congress. Governor Gage forthwith dissolved 
the House. An election of a new House of Assem- 
bly was ordered by the Governor, to convene in the 
Salem Court House. The members of that bodv, 
on the 7th of October, 1774, transformed themselves 
into a Provincial Congress which assumed sove- 
reignty ; thus terminating all political connection 
between Massachusetts and Great Britain." 



6 

Over the window is a tablet, bearing the inscrip- 
jters : 
"First Church." 



tion, in raised letters 



Within the old Meeting House are now deposited 
specimens of furniture and other relics of the olden 
times. The following may be specified : 

1. A Sofa brought from Normandy by some of 
the French Huguenots, — who came to this country 
soon after the revocation of the edict of Nantes by 
Louis XIV, in 1685, which occasioned the emigra- 
tion of a great number of artists and other useful 
men to other lands, carrying with them their indus- 
try and their riches ; — and for many years in the 
possession of the family of John Appleton of Salem, 
and by one of the members presented to the Essex 
Historical Society soon after its formation. 

2. The Communion Table of the East Church, 
Salem, during the occupancy of the first house 
built on the corner of Essex and Hardy streets in 
1718 ; taken down in 1846 ; presented by the Parish 
Committee. 



3. A small Stand which belonged to Deacon 
Benja. Gerrish, who, in 1682, removed from New- 
bury to Salem, wiiere he acted as Deacon in Parson 
No^^es' church which stood upon the ground where 
was afterwards built the old First Church (Dr. 
Prince's). It served as a stand for the christening 
basin in the church some one hundred and eighty 
years ago. 

4. The Desk which Nath'l Bowditch, LL.D., 
used when engaged in the translation of La Place's 
Mecanique Celeste. Presented by his son, Dr. 
Henry I. Bowditch. 

5. A Pew Door from the Meeting House of the 
First Parish in Hingham ; built in 1680; repaired 
in 1869. The pews were made in 1755 ; presented 
b}^ Hon. Solomon Lincoln of Hingham, Oct. 15, 
1869. The Pew was owned by William Lincoln 
(the grandfather of the donor) and his brother, 
Enoch Lincoln (grandfather of Gov. Levi Lincoln, 
of Worcester). 

6. A Samp Mortar from the Treadwell farm in 
Topsfield. 



8 

7. A Spinet made by Samuel Blyth of Salem. 
Presented by Jesse Smith. 

8. A Piano made by John Broadwood of Lou- 
don, in 1791. 

In the gallery is a collection of spinning and 
flax wheels, used in the olden times ; and on the 
walls are many engravings of the ministers and 
others who flourished in the last century and the 
early part of the present. Also views and other 
relics. 

We close these introductory remarks with the fol- 
lowing quotation from an illustrated article on 
" Salem," in Harper's Weekly Supplement, August 
5, 1871. 

" Nowhere in this land may one And so ancient 
and worshipful a shrine. Within these walls, silent 
with the remembered presence of Endicott, Skelton, 
Higginson, Roger Williams, and their grave com- 
peers, the very day seems haunted, and the sunshine 
falls but soberly in. The visitor seems to close the 
door upon the bustle and complacency of his own 
time, and by some subtile spell of sympathy to find 
himself standing at last in mute and intelligible 
relations to the firm, integral life to which he owes 
so nmch. Quaint and in keeping as are the visions 



9 



that the snggestiveness of the place conjure from 
out the resources of his memory, there is yet in 
them all no longer so bald a sense of Puritanic 
affectation or constraint ; the bare timbers of these 
narrow precincts evince a necessity that was in 
itself denial ; and he remembers A^vidly, as if for 
the first complete time, that the souls that met God 
here were sadly weary of a colder intercession." 



EEPOET 

OF THE Committee, on the Authenticity op 

THE Tradition of the First Church, 

Built in 1634. 



READ AT A MEETING OF THE INSTITUTE, APRIL 26, 18G0. 



The Committee appointed in July 1859, to 
ascertain the authenticity of the tradition as to 
the identity of an old building on the estate of 
David Nichols, back of Boston street, — having 
been built from the frame of the first Church 
ever erected in Salem, and report at a future 
meeting of the Institute what action it would 
be advisable for the Institute to take in relation 
thereto, have attended to that duty, and beg 
leave to report, that 

Your Committee have with unwearied pains 
endeavored to investigate the subject, for which 
they were appointed ; that they trust they have 
brought to this important task, the most unpre- 

(11) 



12 



jiidiced and impartial minds, — that they flat- 
ter themselves that they have been only dili- 
gent searchers into the truth, in relation to this 
subject ; that they have no private views or 
aims to gratify — that they have only in com- 
mon with their fellow citizens, the sincere and 
ardent desire to investigate, impartially, the 
validity of the testimony on which has rested 
the belief that this is the veritable building, 
which the records say was erected in 1634, for 
the flrst Church ; where our ancestors wor- 
shipped the God of their fathers, agreeably to 
the dictates of their own consciences; and if 
true, to preserve for all coming lime, this hum- 
ble temple of God, from the all-destroying ele- 
ments ; the tooth of time, having already made 
very free with it. 

But while we desire to sift the evidence criti- 
cally and impartially, on which this tradition is 
founded, we have wished to do it, in a liberal 
and catholic spirit, with no narrow or cynical 
criticism, and to exercise towards the traditional 
part of the evidence, the liberality which we 



o 



think honestly and truthfully belongs to it. 
That it has come to us from lons^ lived men, re- 
markable for retentive memories, and filmed for 
truthfulness ; that it is no vague, improbable 
legend, based upon uncertain and visionary tes- 
timony. 

The first question appears to be — is this the 
frame of the first Church erected in 1634? Is 
there, in records and reliable tradition, evidence 
to warrant a belief that it is? 

Let us first look into the evidence from the 
records, then into the tradition, — and lastly, 
— the internal proofs from the building itself. 

We have the assurance from the records, that 
the congregation having worshipped from 1629 
to 1634 in an unfinished building, of one story, 
agreed, the latter year, with Mr. Norton, to 
build a suitable meeting-house, which should not 
exceed the amount of £100. In 1638, four years 
afterwards, "bills were paid for daubing and 
glazing this house." The next year, in Febru- 
arv 1639, an ao^reement was made with John 
Pickering to build a " Meeting-house," but from 



14 



what follows, and iu which your Committee 
coincide, it was only an addition to the old 
house; for the town voted on the 31st Dec. 
1638, only two months previous, to build an 
addition to the meetino^-house. The aijreement 
with Pickering was "that it be twenty-five feet 
long, the breadth of the old building, with a 
gallery answerable to the former, one cattied 
chimney of twelve feet k)ng, the back whereof 
to be brick or stone, to have six sufficient win- 
dows, two on each side, and two at the end, 
and a pair of stairs to ascend the galleries, 
suitable to the former." Here, only one end is 
mentioned, and a Meeting House would of 
course have had two ends. Thus we have the 
information, also, that the first building had a 
gallery. 

This addition made the buildins: twice its for- 
mer size, exclusive of the live feet which was 
necessarily reserved for a pulpit, on the side, 
between the galleries and a door opposite with 
an aisle in the middle, a style of Church build- 
ing which continued from that day until a very 



15 



■■»■■: I 



late period. The whole length of the buildiug 
then w;is forty-five feet as here represented in 
the following plan. 



Old part, 20 feet. 



DOOR. 



25 feet, new part. 



I-:; 



OLD. 



CO 



NEW. 



PULPIT. 




Still Preserved. 

In 1647 "Mr. George Curwin and William 
Lord have undertaken to provide stone and clay 
for repairs of the meeting house. Mr. Curwin 
has promised to provide for covering the meet- 
ing house, five hundred nails, and is promised 
to be paid to his content." This house contin- 
ued, as appears by the records, to accommodate 
the "congregation" until 1670, when the sec- 



16 



ond house was built, of sixty feet long, fifty 
feet wide and twenty feet stud, situated accord- 
ing to the records " at the west end of the old 
meeting house towards the prison." The town 
gave the hind to set it upon. On the 17th 
Aug., 1672, the town "voted, that the old 
meeting house be reserved for the town's use, 
to build a skoolehouse and watch house," and 
be carried "into some convenient place where 
it may be reformed for the town's use," and it 
was further voted that " the old pulpit and the 
deacon's seat be given to the farmers," who 
were then erectino- a meetino^ house at the Yil- 
lage. The stones of the underpinning of the 
old meeting house and the clay is given to Mr. 
risk. The "clay of the old meeting house" 
has probably reference to the floors, which were 
DO doubt made of clay, — boards being scarce, 
as there were but few saw-mills in the Colony 
at that early period ; this custom of clay floors 
is still common in the cottages of Scotland and 
Ireland at the present day. On the 10th June, 
1712, it was proposed to fit up the old watch 



17 



house, which was built, as we have seen, from 
part of tiie old meeting house, as a phice "for 
teaching reading, writing, ciphering and navi- 
gation." Now the whole house is converted 
into a school house or into two school houses, 
being formerly fitted up for a school house and 
a watch house." This school house continued 
in the town's use to May 19, 1760, a space of 
forty-eight years, when the records inform us 
a " new schoolhouse " is to be built not on the 
same spot as the old one in School Lane. 
" School Lane " is said in the town records, to 
have been afterivard Court street, and which is 
noio Washington street. This old school house 
was situated, says tradition, to the northward 
of the old Hunt house. 

With this entry about the location of the new 
school house ends the town records, which are 
all missing from May, 1760, to May 1764, and 
no doubt the missing part contained the record 
of the disposal of the old school house. Had 
this record been preserved, any tradition would 
have been unnecessary and superfluous. As it 



18 



is, however, all that is known from 1760, of 
the old honse, is from this source : and there is 
every reason to believe it was then disposed of, 
and that Thorndike Proctor, who was at this 
time a conspicuous man in town affairs, Select- 
man and Moderator of Town Meetings, and 
Grand Jury man, bought the oldest part and re- 
erected it on his own land, back of what is now 
Boston street, where it was used as a tavern or 
a refreshment house. Here it has slumbered 
undisturbed for a period of one hundred years. 
The tradition is to this effect, obtained through 
Caleb Peirce, Esq., and comes down to us from 
the Pope fiiuiily and from Benja. Proctor and 
his sister, who are the lineal descendants of the 
said Thorndike Proctor. Mr. Peirce says : 

"Joseph Pope, the first of the name who 
came to New England, was in Salem in 1636 ; 
his name appears on the Salem records about 
that time." 

"Joseph Pope 2d was born in , mar- 
ried in 1679. Bethusa Folger, aunt to Dr. 
Franklin." 



19 



" Enos Pope, son of Joseph 2d, was born in 
1690 ; he lived near the Fowler house in Bos- 
ton street. In 1718 he built the house now oc- 
cupied by Mr. Wilkins at the foot of Gallows 
Hill, which was within a few rods of this old 
buildino: in which Enos 2d was born in 1721, 
and who died at the age of 92. Enos 3d was 
born in 1769. My recollections of my grand- 
father, Enos 2d, are very clear and distinct. 
Until a few months of his death he was very 
active, clear minded and commnnicative. He 
was frequently enquired of by people with re- 
gard to previous events, and he was so exact in 
his account of dates and particulars that it was 
supposed he had kept a journal for many years, 
which was not the case. 

" I remember his pointing out the course of 
the old road, which passed the tavern house and 
joined the present street directly opposite his 
house. With Enos Pope 3d, I lived near forty 
years, — he was full of information and anec- 
dotes, and yet very cautious and careful in his 
statements. It is from him and his sisters, who 



20 



lived in the family long after their father's death, 
that I o'ot the account. It was never doubted 
by them. It should be remembered that the 
persons I have named Avere separated only by 
death, although very long lived; father, son 
and grandson have lived together in the same 
house, and the connection that bound the past 
to the present was never broken for a day. 
Two persons are now living who were born in 
the old tavern, viz., Benja. Proctor, aged 84 
and his sister. I have just .seen them, and find 
that they well remember that it was always 
known as havino' been made from the "First 
Meeting House." Mr. Proctor says he has 
heard his father say so more than a hundred 
times. A few years ago, I mentioned to an 
older brother of theirs, since dead, what I had 
heard of its early history, and found him much 
better informed than I was, and much interested 
in having the house preserved. It was from 
him I first learned that the house itself affords 
so much evidence of its origin." 

Thus ends the tradition.. The internal evi- 



21 

dence that the present building is the identical 
first Church erected in 1634 are, first, the size 
of the building, which so completely matches 
the ''addition'' made in 1639, being twenty 
feet long and seventeen wide ; secondly, its pe- 
caliar construction, — one important point be- 
ing that a beam, apparently intended for the 
support of a gallery, is framed in from side to 
side at about one-third the length of the build- 
ing ; that upon the timber opposite to this 
beam are peculiar tenons, which, in the opinion 
of a master builder, cannot be for any other use 
than the insertion of knees for some support, 
which your committee believe was for a gallery. 
The daubings upon the walls, or plastering 
as we should now say, composed of clay and 
chopped straw, also prove the great antiquity 
of the building, but your committee not being 
in possession of the fiict how the building w\as 
removed to the present location are not clear, 
that this work mio-ht not have been added sub- 
sequently to its removal. The great pitch of 
the roof, unusual at that day for dwellings, may 



22 



have been so desiofnecl to o^ive a wider and 
freer space in the galleries. 

Upon a careful review of all the testimony, 
your Committee are unanimously of the opin- 
ion, that the evidence, thus educed, from the 
public records, from reliable tradition and from 
the internal testimony of the building itself, is 
plain and conclusive. Other great and valuable 
mementoes of our fathers have rested upon 
much less evidence, particularly the far-famed, 
and world-renowned Plymouth Rock. Our 
records prove that the old meeting-house of 
1634 w^as in existence, in the town's use and 
occupation down to 1760. The tradition since 
that period is plain, straightforward and unde- 
niable, covering a space only of two lives, and 
those of the most veritable character, particu- 
larly that of Enos Pope 2d, born in 1721, who 
died in 1813, and who was forty years of age 
when it was removed from its place in School 
Lane to where it now stands. 

The internal evidence derived from the build- 
ing itself is alike confirmatory of both records 



23 



and tradition, and your Committee have no hes- 
itation in savins:, that in this humble buildinsf 
has been as it Avere providentially preserved 
the first Church erected by our fathers in 1634. 
The same building in which Roger Williams, 
Hugh Peters, John Higginson and other divines 
of that day, expounded the scriptures and dis- 
pensed the bread of life to their hearers, and it 
is unnecessary to say, that it is a most valuable 
memento of our ancestors ; identified, as it is, 
with their pure and simple devotion and pious 
zeal. 

Your Committee would, therefore, in further- 
ance of the duty which devolves upon them, 
recommend that this " Scnitisshna Casa " — 
this most holy house, be removed to some suit- 
able place and fitted up internally and exter- 
nally as nearly as possible to its original ap- 
pearance, where it would be more accessible to 
the public, and where pilgrimage could be made 
to it by every son and daughter of Massachu- 
setts who values our peculiar history and the 
preservation of memorials connecting us with 



24 

our fathers, and as they shall stand beneath its 
restored and sacred roof, the words once ut- 
tered to Moses shall steal upon the mental ear, 
" Pat off thy shoes from off thy feet ^ for tJie place 
whereon thou standest, is holy grou7id." 

Respectfully submitted, 

CM. Endicott, Chairman, 
Francis Peabody, 
Geo. D. Phippen, 
a. c. goodell, 
Ira J. Patch. 

April 26, 1860. 



THE COMMITTEE 

TO WHOM WAS INTRUSTED THE CARRYING OUT 
OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS CONTAINED IN 
THEIR REPORT, MADE TO THE INSTITUTE, 
APRIL 2()TH, 1860 : REPORT, 

That they have attended to the duties as- 
signed to theui, and now present their work 
completed. 

The principal difficulty the Committee had to 
contend with, was to find a suitable site on 
which to place the Church of the Pilgrims. 
This was finally arranged through the efforts of 
our late most worthy associate, George A. 
Ward, Esq., who was added to the Committee, 
Dec. 18th, 1863. 

The assent of the Proprietors of the Athe- 
naeum having been obtained to the placing of 
the Church on the land in the rear of the Plum- 

(25) 



2(3 

mer Hall, the Committee decided to transfer it 
to this site, if, upon examination, it should be 
found in a suitable condition for removal. 

The contract for building this Church was 
made in November, 1634, with a Mr. Morton; 
the trees were felled in the winter of 1635, and 
the building erected during the summer of that 
year. Its glazed windows were not added un- 
til 1637 ; they were probably ordered in 1636 
from England, and were paid for according to 
the Town Records in 1638. 

Your Committee were satisfied after a thor- 
ough examination that the Frame was the only 
part of the building that afforded unmistakable 
evidence of havinsf belonoed to the original 
construction. They removed with care the 
outer covering of the building, the boards and 
the shingles ; they marked and numbered every 
part of the frame ; they noted the positions of 
the posts, braces, plates, rafters, ridge-pole, 
gallery-beam, tie-beam, mortices and cock-ten- 
ants : these were carefully examined and ques- 
tioned as to their story of the past : the re- 



27 



spouses were prompt, and so satisfactory to 
those who could understand their language, 
that their origin and mission were placed be- 
yond doubt. 

It was resolved to transfer these relics to 
their new site, and after dressing the wounds 
inflicted by Time, to erect them into their orig- 
inal positions and form, that they might repeat 
to coming generations the same story they had 
whispered to your representatives. 

We have raised an external structure of suit- 
able strength, to which the ancient frame is 
bolted, and this frame is seen projecting on the 
outside of the plastering within the building. 
We have supported the external structure by 
means of sills resting on stone posts, raised 
from the ground to protect the floor from decay. 
The floor of the original building, judging from 
the Town Records, was made of clay. 

The wooden posts so far as they remain to us, 
have been extended to meet the sills by the 
addition of timber: these extensions have been 
colored brown, to distinguish them from the 



i 



28 



original parts. The posts then rise, and ter- 
minating in cock-tenants enter the plates, sup- 
porting them firmly in their positions. The 
cock-tenant is a form of tenon, universally 
used at that early period, in the wooden struc- 
tures of England. This fact is an evidence of 
the period and purpose of the Frame. 

We have farther strengthened the plates by 
adding strips of plank, which assist them to 
bear the superincumbent weight of the roof. 
These additions like the supporters of the posts 
are colored brown, to distinguish them from the 
orisfinal materials. 

Between the posts are placed the original 
braces, which are wonderfully preserved. Lodg- 
ing on the plates are the six original rafters, 
which bear on hi<>h the original ridae-pole, so 
aged and infirm that it requires the aid of the 
plaster in which it is imbedded to support it. 

The rafters are secured to the phites with 
iron bolts, two of which are seen. These tri- 
angular frames united by eight purlins, formed 
the original roof of the Church; their great 



29 



height above the phite indicates their purpose ; 
they are in keeping with the early English 
Church roof. 

The frame of the Gallery furnishes very sat- 
isfactory evidence of its orioinal use as the aal- 
lery of the Church, though upon the first exam- 
ination this was not apparent. In the building 
as we found it, the great beam which now holds 
up the gallery front, was raised above its pres- 
ent position, so that the tenons entered the two 
upper mortices (these mortices now remain 
open, and are seen to be above the present posi- 
tion of the timber). This position of the prin- 
cipal beam of the structure on the first inspec- 
tion conflicted with the claims of the tradition 
that this was the oris^inal First Church ; but on 
farther scrutiny of the posts that hold up the 
ends of the gallery front, there was found an 
opening or slott in the post, at some distance 
beneath the beam ; this had been filled with 
bricks and chiy, and farther concealed by a cov- 
ering of whitewash ; by a few strokes of the 
hammer this filling came out, and disclosed a 



30 



regularly shaped mortice, of a size to hold the 
tenon of the beam. The opposite post was 
found to have a similar mortice, at the same 
distance under the beam : this discovery made 
it certain that these were the oriofinal mortices 
in which the gallery beam rested. It appears 
that by a vote of the town in 1672, the First 
Church was converted into a school house, and 
this gallery beam was then raised to new mor- 
tices made in the posts higher up, to establish 
a ceiling for the school-room. Important con- 
firmatory evidence of the original use of the 
beam was obtained, by raising the floor over the 
ceiling at the end of the building; this exposed 
to view an oak tie beam, in which the joist of 
the gallery rested at the time the front timber 
was lodged in the lower mortices of the gallery 
posts ; thus giving to the gallery an inclination 
by which a view of the preacher below was ob- 
tained. Upon examining the opposite end of 
the frame, no tie beam was found, confirming 
our views as to the use of the beam described. 
If this beam and posts had been intended 



31 

originally to support a ceiling and upper floor, 
they would have been so framed as to divide 
the building into equal parts, and would have 
been placed immediately under the middle 
rafter, where they could have aflforded the 
greatest support to the roof; but we found them 
placed at about one-third of the distance from 
the end. The beam moreover is a third largfer 
than it would have been, had two cross beams 
been framed to support an upper floor. 

The gallery beam, as originally laid, was 
supported by two knees, formed out from the 
posts, as was usual in the English Churches, 
built as early as 1600. This support was neces- 
sary to prevent the beam from yielding, when 
the gallery was filled with people. Upon chang- 
ing the use of the beam, from the support of 
the gallery to the support of a ceiling and floor, 
these knees were no longer required ; one of 
them has disappeared, and a portion of the 
other remains. 

The building is now supported and prevented 
from spreading, by long iron bolts inserted in- 
to the beam and hidden behind the plastering. 



32 



A railing has been placed in front of the gal- 
lery, and colored brown, to indicate that it is 
an addition, made by the Committee. This 
probably represents the position of the old gal- 
lery front ; the ends of the posts occupy the 
mortices, which were no doubt in use for the 
orisfinal front. 

And now in closing their labors, the Commit- 
tee present the key of the structure to the 
Institute, with a sincere wish that this holy 
house may be preserved to those who come 
after us, and handed down from generation to 
generation as a valued trust. 

Respectfully submitted, 

Francis Peabody, 
George D. Phippen, 
a. c. goodell, 
Ira J. Patch, 
C. W. Upham. 



APR 18 



PBICE TEN CENTS. C-. '.NC^v!^-Owi 



lit.. 



'yV 



irst l^htrcfi 



IN 



SALEM, MASS., 

1634. 



SALEM : 

PUBLISHED BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 

1871. 



The SALEyvi Press, 



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